WPC  j Yl=.\]TwՈxo-*ks& %NV 0F%'L\hIbQӿ ډ I>L$#r9rY?LOM6}oO=(s ҄%86r&h.9(s (o@p85#+1!)Mel7*߼ PϯޭS~5IYN9_Fm6lyʹ]aD 5G6HG@ f"+ B?UV<.|:rv4^ꡬ '+Bi n#7AQͯuc-oJotɐ.aqUPߕ$N*@_:EONDz䙑cm's |CbS1 3sj+mlMMmZҐ_xƴųxwh4I08FiqD8f5C6٪0U: %# 1kf C4UN BM B*j 0w 1mUNEUNf&a(< 0& h 0= D3 AM P 0K   DCa B- 2 Ha`$"Letter GothicXCanon Bubble-Jet BJ-10eCANON10E,X,,,,,X08IWg'$35;AGMU]c1I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) dH)(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular d&0 d d3|dK,(O\$  C  $# C# e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)a0 Z6Times New Roman Regular(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularTABLE A '  C  $$C  RESPID____   KENYARESEARCH2001 p     PAGE  1  (k3$  \!  C  $# C  TABLE A(k3$  \!  C  $# C  'dxd*%+&A<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5( $ Figure  1  ////7Hairlinedxd)Hairline d  \!  C  $# C  H XNXXX ǪX XN  ) ǪTRWl6&A43' 6&A43'TGENERALGUIDELINESFORINTERVIEWERS # Ǫ )# h 0   STATEMENTS(LIKETHIS)INUPPERCASELETTERSAREINSTRUCTIONSTOTHEINTERVIEWER ##   THEYARE NOT TOBEREADALOUD   THESEARETHEMAINSECTIONSOFTHEINTERVIEW 5     BACKGROUND  CURRENTPROJECTS   c    *NETWORKS&PROFESSIONALCONTACTS  PROFESSIONALACTIVITIES  *COMPUTERS,EMAIL,&WEBUSE  ATTITUDES  INTERVIEWERQUESTIONS TOBECOMPLETEDAFTERLEAVING  R   XNX Ǫ# ǪX XN%#  Ǫ*THESESECTIONSMUSTBEDONEFORTHEINTERVIEWTOCOUNTASCOMPLETED# Ǫ h# XNX Ǫ   BEFORE YOUSTART d   FOLDEACHOFTHENETWORKPAGES&NOTETHETIME# ǪX XN# XNX Ǫ BEGIN THEINTERVIEW ( 0  0p##  INTRODUCEYOURSELF&THECOMMUNICATIONSTUDY p#p#   GIVETHERESPONDENTTHEPROJECTDESCRIPTION0  ASKIFHEWOULDLIKEACOPYOFTHERESULTS ## 0  # ǪX XN# XNX ǪԄCONFIRMTHERESPONDENT'SNAME,ORGANIZATION&JOBTITLE# ǪX XN'# XNX Ǫ##   CONTINUEWITHTHEBACKGROUNDQUESTIONSONPAGE1 AFTER THEINTERVIEW L   COMPLETETHEINTERVIEWERQUESTIONSONTHELASTPAGE  NOTETHETIME# ǪX XN# n&!  SOMERULESOFINTERVIEWING:  !# NEVER"PROMPT"THERESPONDENTWITHANSWERSEXCEPTTHOSETHATAREPROVIDED0   QUESTIONSSHOULDBEREADASTHEYAREPRINTED.MAKESURETOREADALLTHEANSWERSINORDERNOTTOBIASTHERESPONSE ## 0  THEONERESPONSETHATSHOULDNOTBEREADIS"DON'TKNOW"(SOMETIMESTHISISWRITTENONTHESURVEYAS"9=DK/NR,"WHICHMEANS"DON'TKNOWORNORESPONSE") ## 0   YOURVOICESHOULDREFLECT'INTEREST'INTHEANSWERBUTSHOULDNOTINDICATEANYPREFERENCE ## 0   DEFINITIONSOFTERMSSHOULDNOTBEREADALOUDUNLESSTHERESPONDENTASKSFORCLARIFICATIONOFATERM ##  0   IFTHERESPONDENTNEEDSCLARIFICATIONBEYONDWHATISPROVIDEDINTHEQUESTIONNAIRE, +(2 SIMPLYSAY'USEYOUROWNBESTJUDGEMENT,'OR'JUSTTHEUSUALMEANING,'OR'IDON'THAVEANYADDITIONALINSTRUCTIONSHERESOWHATEVERYOUTHINKISBEST.'IFTHEYARESTILLUNABLETOANSWER,MARKTHEANSWERAS'9'(NORESPONSE)ANDCONTINUEWITHTHENEXTQUESTION .+6## @(a PROJECTDESCRIPTION  4 Statementofconfidentiality:Theinformationprovidedwillbeheldinthestrictestconfidence.Wewillneitherpublish,release,nordiscloseanyinformationidentifiablewithindividualrespondents.Thisisaprojectonscientificcommunication.Thefocusofthestudyisthepatternofresearchcommunicationofscientists.WeareinterestedbothinlinkageswithinKenyaandoutsidetheState.Thequestionnairedealswithyourcurrentprojects, J   yourrelationswithpeople&organizations,andproblemsyouexperienceinconductingyourwork.Thankyouverymuchforyourkindassistance.Pleasedonothesitatetocontactanyofusifyouhaveanyquestions.Ifyouwouldlikeasummaryofthestudyresults,pleasetelltheinterviewer,whowillmakeanote. : Ǫ ProjectTeam # Ǫ :# P  XNX ǪPrincipalInvestigator K Dr.PaulNyagaMbatiaProfessorofSociologyUniversityofNairobi# ǪX XN`# XNX ǪP.O.Box30197,Nairobi28167# ǪX XN# XNX Ǫ ; XNXX XN#ǪXXNx#Phone:# ǪǪ#Ǫ Ǫ072779811f# ǪǪ#Ǫ Ǫax212342# ǪǪf# XNX Ǫ % pmbatia@uonbi.ac.ke  # ǪX XN# XNX ǪInternationalCoordinator \  Dr.WesleyShrumProfessorofSociologyLouisianaStateUniversityBatonRouge,Louisiana70803USAshrum@lsu.edu2253885311 x    6!% Investigators # ( AllanKorongoVirginiaNjerengaKennedyBikuriSallyKulumba# ǪX XN8# 'Z$,  XNX ǪDataAnalyst *&/ JohnKarenja# ǪX XN# *'0   +(1   7>XXdXXd7   ) ǪTYPESOFRELATION H  1)receivedorgavefunds  2)collaborativeproject3)personalfriend4)workedthere5)researchortrainingvisit6)gaveorrequestedinformationorotherresearchassistance7)borrowedorlentmaterials,samples,papers,reports8)attendedworkshoporconferencethere9)other (specify)# Ǫ )# h    !I 7>XXdXXd7@,a : Ǫ BACKGROUND# Ǫ :2#   NameofRespondent(NOTTOBECODED)___________________________   0 COPYOFRESULTS____  1)  XNX ǪRESPONDENTIDNUMBER# ǪX XN## : ǪԀ # Ǫ :y#________ IB 2)DAY____3)INTERVIEWER:16= AllanKorongo17=VirginiaNjerenga18=KennedyBikuri19=SallyKulumba   4)ORGANIZATIONNAME____________________________________________  ORGANIZATIONID_________(seeorganizationallistforcodes)5)SUBUNIT p Nameofdepartmentorotherunitoforganization:_____________________________________ c\  6)TIMEINTERVIEWBEGAN______  (USE24HOURCLOCK:FOREXAMPLE,1:15PMIS13:15))7)Whatisyourofficialjobtitle?____________________________________________8)Inwhatyeardidyoubeginyouremploymentwiththisorganization?____9)Inwhattypeoforganizationdidyouworkbeforeyouwereemployedbyyourcurrentorganization?  1=university 2=private x 3=governmentresearchinstitute  4=governmentagency  5=NGO    6=other p  7=noprioremployment   (   9=DK/NR XQ @-a EDUCATION  " 10)Whatwasyourhighestdegree?1=Ph.D.2=Master's/M.Phil.3=Bachelor's4=Diploma5=Other   $ 11)Inwhatfield?_____________________________________12)Fromwhichinstitutionwasthatdegreereceived?________________________________________13)Inwhatyearwasthatdegreegranted?_____14)Haveyoureceivedanyofyourdegreesfromaninstitutioninthedevelopedcountries?1=Yes  0=No % ,   14a)IFYES,Wasthatyourhighestdegreetheoneyoujustmentioned?(IFYES,SKIP14b)  14b)IFYES,WHICHDEGREE,YEAR,&INSTITUTION?     F'?". ______________________________________________________________________________15)HowmanyyearsdidyouspendoutsideofKenyaforhighereducation&training,includingpostdoctoralstudies?_____ 2*+%2 16)Howmanyyearshaveyouspentabroadaltogetherinthedevelopedcountries?_____ +&4  ;24-= Ї XNX ǪFiveBackgroundQuestions# ǪX XNq$#  17)Whatisyouryearofbirth:19____18)Whatwasyourfather'smainoccupation?Ǫ Ǫ0  0p##1=Farmer/Peasant2=Teacher/Education3=CivilServant4=Nurse/Medical   5=Researcher/Professor/Scientist6=Extensionofficer7=Business/Merchant/Shopkeeper8=Housewife9=Other# ǪǪ9%# p#p# 19)Areyoumarried,single,divorced,separated,orwidowed?  1=married2=single3=divorced4=separated5=widowed20)Howmanychildrendoyouhave?______21)Ifmarried,whatisyourhusband/wife'smainoccupation?Ǫ Ǫ0  0p##1=Farmer/Peasant2=Teacher/Education3=CivilServant4=Nurse/Medical   5=Researcher/Professor/Scientist6=Extensionofficer7=Business/Merchant/Shopkeeper8=Housewife9=Other# ǪǪy'#\U p#p#  We'dliketoknowhowyourtimeisdividedamongresearch,teaching,administration,andotheractivities.     CLARIFICATION:WEMEANYOURACTUALTIME,NOTYOUROFFICIALTIME22)  Aboutwhatpercentageofyourprofessionaltimeisspentonresearch?____  23)  Aboutwhatpercentageofyourtimeisspentonteaching?____ rk 24)  Aboutwhatpercentageofyourtimeisspentonadministration____  25)  Aboutwhatpercentageisspentonotheractivities_____     0 TOTAL=100% ^W  PERSONNEL  JC! Nowlet'sswitchtosomemoregeneralquestionsaboutrelationswithpeopleandprojects.Howmanyofeachofthefollowingpeopleareyoucurrentlyresponsibleforsupervising?  26)____Professionalscientists&engineers  27)____Techniciansandfieldworkers  28)____Doctoralstudents  29)____PostgraduateStudents(M.A.,M.S.,M.Phil.,etc.)  30)____NontechnicalstaffWithhowmanyofeachofthefollowingpeopleinyourownorganizationdoyouworkclosely?BythisImeanthosewithwhomyoucurrentlydiscussprojectsonaregularbasis?  31)____Professionalscientists&engineers  32)____Techniciansandfieldworkers  33)____Doctoralstudents  34)____PostgraduateStudents(M.A.,M.S.,M.Phil.,etc.)  35)____Nontechnicalstaff  1,= @)a : Ǫ CURRENTPROJECTS# Ǫ :7/#   We'reinterestedtoknowalittlebitaboutyourmainresearchprojectsandactivities.36)Currently,whatisyourmainareaofresearchorprofessionalinterest?_________________________________Couldyoupleasebrieflygivethetitleofeachofyourmostimportantcurrentprojects.EXPLAINIFNECESSARY.We'dalsoliketoknowifeachoneiscollaborative(thatis,doneincooperationwithsomeoneinanotherorganization)andwhereyourcollaboratorsarelocated. x    ( MAXIMUMOFTHREEPROJECTS    FIRSTPROJECT   p    x    (        p    x    (     37)Collaboration? 1=Yes0=No    8) xd8 |  SECONDPROJECT(IFANY)   p    x    (     38)Collaboration? 1=Yes0=No   8) xd8 jc THIRDPROJECT(IFANY)   p    x    (     39)Collaboration? 1=Yes0=No  # 8) xd8 QJ$ Includingtheprojectsyoujustmentioned,howmanyresearchprojectsareyouinvolvedinaltogether?Andhowmanyofthesedoyoudirect?  40)_____Totalnumberofresearchprojects    41)______TotalnumberofresearchprojectsdirectedǪ ǪPleaseindicateifeachofthefollowingisaproblemforyouinyourcurrentresearch: $. # ǪǪ6#Ǫ Ǫ  1=Amajorproblem 2=Aminorproblem ( 3=Notaproblem    0   9=DK/NR i&b!0 # ǪǪ47#Ǫ Ǫ   p    x MajorMinorNot   0   0  '"2 # ǪǪ8#Ǫ Ǫ42)Contactingpeoplewhentheyareneeded x # ǪǪ8#Ǫ Ǫ  1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪt9#Ǫ Ǫ (#3 # ǪǪ:#Ǫ Ǫ43)Coordinatingschedules   x # ǪǪe:#Ǫ Ǫ  1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪ:#Ǫ Ǫ U)N$4 44)Lengthoftimetogetthingsdone. x   # ǪǪ;#Ǫ Ǫ1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪ<#Ǫ Ǫ * %5 45)Transmittinginformation.  x   # ǪǪ<#Ǫ Ǫ1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪ:=#Ǫ Ǫ *%6 46)Gettingotherstoseeyourpoint.  x # ǪǪ=#Ǫ Ǫ  1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪ\>#Ǫ Ǫ +&7 47)Securityofinformation.  x   # ǪǪ>#Ǫ Ǫ1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪ?#Ǫ Ǫ A,:'8 48)Resolvingconflicts.   x # ǪǪ@#Ǫ Ǫ  1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪ@#Ǫ Ǫ ,'9 49)Decisionsonadivisionofwork.  x # ǪǪHA#Ǫ Ǫ  1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪA#Ǫ Ǫ -(: 50)Keepingothersinformedofyourprogress. x # ǪǪuB#Ǫ Ǫ  1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪC#Ǫ Ǫ r.k); 51)Toomuchinformation.   x # ǪǪC#Ǫ Ǫ  1 ( 2  3   0     9# ǪǪ3D#Ǫ Ǫ -/&*< # ǪǪD#  /*=    : Ǫ NETWORKS# Ǫ :EE#   9E Nowwearemovingintothesectionoftheinterviewthatasksaboutyourprofessionallinkages.  I'mnowgoingtogiveyoualistoforganizations.First,I'mgoingtoshowyoualistofinternationalorganizations,thenalistoforganizationsinKenya. 0   GIVERESPONDENTTHEFOLDEDLISTOFORGANIZATIONS ##  Foreachoftheseorganizations,pleaseindicatewhetheryouhavehadanyrelationswithitduringthepastfiveyears !   , !   ,say,about1997.Thatis,haveyouhadanykindofcontactordealingswithit.Ofcourse,whenIsayrelationswithanorganizationIincluderelationswiththepeoplewhoaremembersofthatorganizationaswellasfunding,visits,or   collaboration.Justmakeamarkinthefirstcolumn.Pleaseaddanyorganizationsoruniversitydepartmentswehaveleftout. TAKEBACKTHEFOLDEDLISTSANDUNFOLDTHEM.GIVETHERESPONDENTTHECARDWITHNINE" TYPESOFRELATIONS "ANDASKHIMTOREFERTOITASYOUREADBACKTHENAMESOFTHE  ORGANIZATIONSTHATHEHASMARKED.FILLOUTTHELASTCOLUMNYOURSELFASTHERESPONDENTCALLSOUTTHEANSWERSFROMTHELISTOFTYPESOFRELATIONSPROMPTATTHEENDOFEACHLIST Arethereanyotherorganizationsordepartmentsofthistypeyou'vehadcontactwith.Weshouldaddthematthe $! endofeachlistbecausewedidn'thaveroomtolistthemall.  " AFTERRESPONDENTHASFINISHEDLOOKINGATEACHLIST: Nowpleaserefertothiscardlisting9typesofrelations.I'llreadbacktoyouthenamesofthoseorganizationsyou ") havehadsomecontactwithandyoutellmewhatkindofcontactitinvolvedthatis,whatkindsofcontactitwas(collaborativeproject,personalfriend,exchangeofinformation,andsoforth).Sofor(NAMEOFORG)whatkindofrelationwasthat?Justlookatthelistandtellmewhatitwas. CLARIFICATION:RECEIVINGFUNDSFROMANORGANIZATIONINDIRECTLYALSOCOUNTS.CLARIFICATION:YOUNEEDNOTHAVEHADRELATIONSWITHTHEMAINHEADQUARTERSOFTHEORGANIZATIONANYPERSONORANYBRANCHOFTHEORGANIZATIONWILLCOUNTASARELATION. e)^$2   -(8  @; ; 'a : ǪPROFESSIONALCONTACTS# Ǫ :O#   NowI'dliketoaskaboutafewspecificpeople,thepeoplewhohavesimilarinterestsorworkonthesamekindsofthings  thatyoudo.Ionlywanttoexcludeotherpeopleinthisspecificorganizationoracademicdepartment.Hereincludeanyone  youtalkto,anyoneyougotoforadvice,oranyonewhocomestoyouforadvice.Inotherwords,justtellmethosethatarethemostimportantforyourownwork.(1)Justgivemetheshortnames(noneedforfullnames)ofthepeople,withtheirorganization&location(city).  LOCATIONCODES 1=Nairobi,2=Kenya,3=AfricaoutsideKenya,4=FOREIGN (notAfrica) 5 . (3)Whatmeansdoyouusemostoftentocontactthisperson?(listallthatapply)  MEANSCODES  1=FACETOFACE;2=PHONE;3=FAX;4=LETTER;5=EMAIL  f _  *s ddd Xdd Xdd X##s,tdd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +     PCORGID#  92  NAME  92  ORGANIZATIONNAME&CITY  92  LOCATION  92  K,  K,MEANS &92    &K,TK,                                                 !    "   #   $   %  &    YR'   YR(   YR)   YR*  YR+    )",   )"-   )".   )"/  )"0    !1   !2   !3   !4  !5    $6   $7   $8   $9  $:    '";   '"<   '"=   '">  '"?    i*b%@   i*b%A   i*b%B   i*b%C  i*b%D    9-2(E   9-2(F   9-2(G   9-2(H  9-2(I     0+J    0+K    0+L    0+M  0+N  @  &a : Ǫ PROFESSIONALACTIVITIES# Ǫ :1[#   Thanksverymuch.That'smorethanhalfofthesurveyandthehardpartisover!Ihaveafewquestionsnowconcerningtheresourcesthatyouhaveaccesstoandsomequestionsonyourprofessionalactivities. Doyouhavereadyaccesstothefollowing?      52)atelephone   x   1=Yes ( 0=No  s l   53)atypewriter   x   1=Yes ( 0=No       54)apersonalcomputer  x   1=Yes ( 0=No  _ X    55)aprinter   x   1=Yes ( 0=No      56)afaxmachine  x   1=Yes ( 0=No  KD    57)electronicmailcapacity(email)  1=Yes ( 0=No      58)secretarialassistance  x   1=Yes ( 0=No  70   59)amobilephone  x   1=Yes ( 0=No   Thefollowingquestionsaboutyourprofessionalactivitiesrefertothe lastfiveyears(thatis,sinceabout1997) .     p  MostofthesearejustYesorNo.60)Haveyoubeenamemberofanyprofessionalassociations?  (     1=Yes0=No   61)Haveyouservedontheeditorialboardofajournal? (     1=Yes0=No  ~ 62)Haveyouheldofficeinaprofessionalorganization? (     1=Yes0=No   64)Haveyoubeenanadvisortotheextensionservice? (     1=Yes0=No  qj! 65)Haveyoubeenamemberofagovernmentcommitteeoradvisorygroup?   1=Yes0=No  # 66)Since1997haveyouservedasaconsultantwithinyourprofessionalfield?   1=Yes0=No  ] V% 67)Haveyoubeentoanytrainingcoursesduringthisperiod? (     1=Yes0=No  !' 68)HaveyoubeenanadvisortoanNGO? x    (     1=Yes0=No   I#B) 69)AreyouamemberofanyNGO? x    (     1=Yes 0 0=No  $+ 70)Ǫ ǪHaveyoureviewedamanuscriptforaprofessionaljournalorbookpublisher?  # ǪǪFf# 1=Yes 0 0=NoǪ Ǫ  5&.!- # ǪǪf#72)Howmanyjournalsdoyousubscribetopersonally?____73)Asaprofessional,approximatelyhowmanyhoursinatypicalweekdoyouspendworking?______74)Abouthowmanyhoursofthiswouldyousayyouspendon research ?______ *%3 75)Since1997howmanyprofessionalmeetingshaveyouattended?______   p INCLUDEGOVERNMENTSPONSOREDANDPROFESSIONALSOCIETYMEETINGS76)Againsince1997,howmanymeetingshaveyouattendedoutsideKenyabutwithinAfrica?____ >.7)8 77)HowmanymeetingshaveyouattendedoutsideAfrica?____ /*: 0   78  73)Approximatelyhowmanydaysduringthepastyearhaveyouspentawayfromyourorganizationonprofessional *1#,< activities?PLEASEINCLUDETIMEATPROFESSIONALMEETINGS.______1,=## ' '# ''h#0   Thinkingofthefollowingfivemeansofcommunication,howwouldyouranktheirimportanceforyourownprofessional  work,where1ismostimportantand5isleastimportant. ## ' '79)PostalM# ''j#' 'ail____  80)Phone____81)Fax____82)Email/Web____83)Facetoface____# ''Oj# XlGX 'XlGXX XlG# XlGXXXlGk## 'X XlGj#  XlGX 'PRODUCTIVITY  XQ  ,0   ,84)XlGXX XlGInthepast12months,howmanyresearchpapershaveyouwrittenbyyourselforin HA  collaborationwithothers? x ,   (  ,(publishedorunpublished)____2+ ## # XlGXXXlGk#0   Nowforthelast five yearswewouldliketoknowabouttheperiodsince1997.Weareinterestedin   thenumberofpublications,reports,andsoforth.(INCLUDETHEYEAR1997.) ## Howmany?85)Papersatstateornationalworkshops______86)Papersatinternationalconferences_______87)Reports(publishedorotherwise)______88)Bulletinsforextension______89)Articlesinforeignjournals______90)Articlesinnationaljournals______91)Chaptersinbooks______92)Haveyoureceivedanyprofessionalawards? 1=Yes0=No  0) # 'X XlGk#@F F "a NEEDSOFKENYANRESEARCHSYSTEM   NowI'mgoingtoreadyoualistofsomethingspeoplesayareimportantfortheKenyanresearchsystem.I'dlikeyouropinionofhowimportanteachoneofthemis.1=Veryimportant2=somewhatimportant3=notsoimportant4=notatallimportant9=DK/NR { t! 93)Increasingsalariesandimprovingconditionsforresearchers (      6!/"   1234994)Hiringmoretechnicians&supportstaff x    "$   1234995)Buildingnewfacilities   x    "$&   1234996)Improvinglinkswithinternationalresearchorganizations  1234997)Maintainingthephysicalinfrastructure x    '"*   1234998)Providingfundsfortravel  1234999)Improvingcommunicationwithpolicymakers  12349100)Providingoperatingfundsforfield&labwork  12349101)CreatingelectroniccommunicationnetworkswithinKenya  12349102)Creatinginternationalelectroniccommunicationnetworks  12349103)Expandingandimprovinglibraries  12349104)Improvingcommunicationbetweenresearchers&extension  12349  2,9 Thinkingofthefollowingsixthings,howwouldyouranktheirimportanceforimprovingtheKenyanresearchsystem.   Giveanumberfrom1to6,where1meansmostimportantdon'tuseanynumbermorethanonce.  1* 105)salaries p    x ____  106)management   x ____     107)settingresearchplans&priorities x ____    108)operatingbudget   x ____    109)communicationbudget(includingtravel)____110)trainingbudget   x ____   ' '@[[,a ' COMPUTERS#' z#    Inthissectionwe'dliketoaskafewquestionsaboutcomputersandtheInternet.Bythe"Internet"wemeanalltypesofelectronicconnectivity,includingbothemailandtheWorldWideWeb.# ''_z#' '111)Doyouhaveapersonalcomputeratwork?  # ''{# 1=Yes0=No      XlGX ' IFNO,SKIPTO116 # 'X XlG|#    CLARIFICATION:THISINCLUDESLAPTOPIFS/HEUSESITATWORK  ' '112)IFYES,inwhatyearwasitfirstavailable____# ''N}# ng ' '# ''}#' '  113)IFYES,Whereisitlocated? 1=personaloffice,2=sharedoffice,3=commoncomputerroom# ''~#' '      114)IFYES,Howmanypeopleusethiscomputer,includingyourself?  ____ ZS"   115)IFYES,IsthiscomputerconnectedtotheInternet?# ''~#  1=Yes0=No' '  $ 116)Doyouhaveapersonalcomputerathome?  # ''# 1=Yes0=No ' '    XlGX' IFNO,SKIPTO120 #'XXlGڀ# F!?& # ''#  CLARIFICATION:THISINCLUDESLAPTOPIFS/HEUSESITATHOME 6"/' ' '  117)IFYES,inwhatyeardidyoufirstacquireahomecomputer?____# ''Ɂ#' '  118)IFYES,Howmanypeopleusethiscomputer,includingyourself?  ____ "% +   119)IFYES,IsthiscomputerconnectedtotheInternet?# ''`#  1=Yes0=No' '  &!- # ''y#' '# ''Ӄ#' '120)Inatypicalweek,abouthowmanyhoursdoyouuseacomputerforyourjob(whetherathomeoratwork)? (#/   0=Notatall 1=Lessthanonehour  2=Betweenoneandfivehours 0  (#0    p 3=Betweenfiveandtenhours  4=Betweentenandtwentyhours 0  })v$1    p  5=Overtwentyhoursperweek  (      0 9=DK/NR 1**%2 # ''#' '121)Howoftendoyouuseacomputerforfun/play?   1=Frequently 2=Occasionally x 3=Seldom ( 4=Never    0 9=DK/NR b,['5 # ''s#' '122)Howcomfortabledoyoufeelusingcomputersingeneral?  1=Verycomfortable 2=Somewhatcomfortable (  .)8    p  3=Slightlycomfortable  4=Notatallcomfortable# ''|#' '    0 9=DK/NR  G/@*9 @.a ' EMAIL#   #   #' %#   # ''#' '123)Haveyoueverusedemail? 1=Yes x 0=No    ( XlGX' IF"NO"SKIPTOPAGE10 #'XXlG#    WHENWESAY'USEDEMAIL'WEINCLUDESOMEONEELSEUSINGITFORYOU124)Areyoucurrentlyusingemail?# ''{#' ' 1=Yes x 0=No    ( # ''#' ' 9 2 125)Whenwasthelasttimeyousentanemail?  # ''#' ' 1=Yesterdayortoday  2=Withinthepastweek       3=Withinthepastmonth 4=Withinthepastsixmonths  5=Longerthan6months     9=DK/NR j c # ''#' '126)Inwhatyeardidyoufirstuseemail?____# ''[#' '127)Withinthepastyear,haveyoubeen unabletoaccess youremailaccountforatleastoneweek? 1=Yes  0=No  VO    127a)IFYES,Whatwastheprimaryreason? 1=# ''Ѝ#' 'technical  2=# ''#' 'financial# ''Q#' ' 0 3=other     9=DK/NR# ''#' '   # ''#' '# ''k#' '128)Ifyouwantedtosendsomeoneanemail,whichofthefollowingwouldyoubemostlikelytodo?     1)useanInternetconnectionathome  2)use# ''#' 'anInternetconnection# ''#' 'atwork     3)useapublicterminal(libraryorInternetcafe)  4)usesomeoneelse'sInternetconnectionathomeoratwork  5)asksomeonetosenditforyou(assistant,secretary,friend)     0 9=DK/NR .' # ''#' ' Forthesenextquestions,thinkaboutatypicalweek:   129)Howmanyemailmessagesdoyousend?   1=Lessthanoneeachweek x   2=Betweenoneandsixinaweek      p 3=Usuallyoneortwodaily   ( 4=Morethantwodaily  0   9=DK/NR  # ''|#' '130)Howmanyofthesearerelatedtoyourresearch?# ''H#' ' =6    1=Lessthanoneeachweek x   2=Betweenoneandsixinaweek     p 3=Usuallyoneortwodaily   ( 4=Morethantwodaily  0   9=DK/NR  # ''#' '131)Howmanyemailmessagesdoyoureceive?# ''##' ' "   1=Lessthanoneeachweek x   2=Betweenoneandsixinaweek      p 3=Usuallyoneortwodaily   ( 4=Morethantwodaily  0   9=DK/NR ! # ''#' '# ''#' '132)Allinall,abouth# '':#' 'owmanyhoursinatypicalweekdoyouspendsendingandreceivingemailmessages? # # ''#' '   0=Notatall 1=Lessthanonehour  2=Betweenoneandfivehours 0  $ Ѐ3=Betweenfiveandtenhours 4=Betweentenandtwentyhours  5=Overtwentyhoursperweek   9=DK/NR v o% # ''=#' '# ''#' 'Haveyoueverdonethefollowingonemail? !' # ''#' '133) 1=Yes p 0=No  # ''m#' 'B# ''ۜ#' 'eenamemberofadiscussiongroupconcernedwith# ''#' 'science&technology# ''#' 'issues "( # ''#' '134) 1=Yes p 0=No  # ''G#' 'Sentamessagetoadiscussiongroup# ''#' 'concernedwith# ''#' 'science&technology# ''m#' 'issues# ''ğ#' ' $* # '' #' '135) 1=Yes p 0=No  # ''d#' 'DiscussedresearchwithacolleagueinKenya % , # ''Ҡ#' '136) 1=Yes p 0=No # ''W#' ' DiscussedresearchwithacolleagueinAfricabutoutsideKenya  '". # ''#' '137) 1=Yes p 0=No # ''\#' ' DiscussedresearchwithsomeoneintheU.S.,Europeorotherdevelopedcountry (x#0 # ''#' '138) 1=Yes p 0=No # ''q#' ' StartedaprofessionalrelationshipwithsomeoneyoumetontheInternet )$2 # ''ӣ#' '139) 1=Yes p 0=No # ''#' ' Continuedemailcorrespondencewithsomeoneyoumetpersonally k+d&4 # ''#' '140) 1=Yes p 0=No  # ''#' 'Discussedproposalswithfundingagency. ,'6 # ''#' '141) 1=Yes p 0=No # ''q#' ' Submittedorreviewedman# ''Ӧ#' 'uscriptsforjournals W.P)8 # '':#' '  / *9 # ''#,' '@SS.a ' WEBUSE#' <#   # '' #  ' '142)Haveyoueverusedanywebbrowser(suchasExplorerorNetscape)? 1=Yes0=No XlGX'IF"NO"SKIPTOPAGE11 #'XXlGQ#  # ''Ө#  Ũ' '143)WhenwasthelasttimeyoubrowsedtheWeb?  1=Yesterdayortoday  2=Withinthepastweek   ~w   3=Withinthepastmonth 4=Withinthepastsixmonths  5=Longerthan6months     9=DK/NR 9 2 # ''#' '144)InwhatyeardidyoufirstusetheWeb?____# ''v#' '# ''#' '145)Allinall,abouth# ''/#' 'owmanyhoursinatypicalweekdoyouspendusingtheWeb? %   # ''#' '   0=Notatall 1=Lessthanonehour  2=Betweenoneandfivehours 0     Ѐ3=Betweenfiveandtenhours 4=Betweentenandtwentyhours  5=Overtwentyhoursperweek   9=DK/NR    # ''#' '# ''#' 'Howfrequentlydoyouaccessthewebfromthefollowingplaces?    # ''ʮ#' '    p 1=daily,2=weekly,3=monthly,4=lessthanonceamonth,5=never # ''`# 0   9=DK/NR   147)Fromhome p    x 1  2 ( 3  4  5 0   9 y  148)Fromwork p    x 1  2 ( 3  4  5 0   9 ;4  149)Fromafreepublicterminal(library) x 1  2 ( 3  4  5 0   9   150)Fromacybercafe   x 1  2 ( 3  4  5 0   9   151)Fromafriend's   x 1  2 ( 3  4  5 0   9' ' le # ''1#' '152)HowcomfortabledoyoufeelusingtheInternet?  # ''#' '  ( 1=Verycomfortable 0 2=Somewhatcomfortable     p 3=Slightlycomfortable x 4=Notatallcomfortable# '' #' '     0 9=DK/NR   # ''# ' 'Whichofthefollowinghaveyoudoneonline? XQ # ''#' '153) 1=Yes0=No  # '' #' 'orderedaproductorserviceforyourresearch   # ''n#' '154) 1=Yes0=No  # ''#' 'createdawebpage  # ''W#' '155) 1=Yes0=No  # ''#' 'conductedaninformationsearch# ''$#' '  # ''#' '156) 1=Yes0=No  # ''ܸ#' 'usedanelectronicjournal D= # ''@#' '157) 1=Yes0=No  # ''#' 'acquiredorusedscientificdata  # ''#' '158) 1=Yes0=No  # ''#' 'collaboratedonascientificproject# ''#' '  # ''V#' '159) 1=Yes0=No  # ''#' 'foundandexaminedreferencematerials un # ''#' '160) 1=Yes0=No  # ''#' 'accessedresearchreportsorscientificpapers 0) # ''#' '161) 1=Yes0=No  # ''x#' 'participatedinonlinechatgroups   # ''ܽ#' '162) 1=Yes0=No  # ''U#' 'usedonlinejoblistings ! # ''#' '163) 1=Yes0=No  # ''(#' 'usedonlinemaps aZ" 163a) 1=Yes0=No  downloadedanysoftware # 163b) 1=Yes0=No  publishedanypapers $ # ''#' '# ''#' '164)Allinall,howwouldyouassesstheinfluenceoftheInternetonyourprofessionalactivities? M!F&    1=Improvedmattersgreatly x 2=Improvedmatterssomewhat  3=Hashadnoeffect   "'   4=Impairedmatterssomewhat x 5=Impairedmattersgreatly   0   9=DK/NR  "(  165)Allinall,whateffectwouldyousaytheInternetwillhave# ''#' 'onyourprofessionalactivities?# ''#' ' 2$+* # ''\#' '   1=Improvemattersgreatly x 2=Improvematterssomewhat  3=Willhavenoeffect   $+   4=Impairedmatterssomewhat x 5=Impairedmattersgreatly   0     # ''#' '9=DK/NR# ''#' ' % , # ''O#' '# ''#' 'Whatarethebiggestproblemsyou'vefoundinyourexperienceoftheInternet(emailandtheWeb)? '".    p  1=Amajorproblem2=Aminorproblem3=Notaproblem  0   9=DK/NR '"/ # ''#' '   p    x    ( XlGX'MajorMinorNot 0   #'XXlG# 0   # ''7#' '  DK/NR (#0 # ''Y#' 'XlGX'166)Toomuchtimetoconnect x    ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9 w)p$1 # XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG167)Toomuchtimewaitingforapagetoappear# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG<#XlGXX XlG a*Z%2 # XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG168)Notbeingabletofinddesiredinformation# XlGXXXlG-#XlGXX XlG ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG K+D&3 # XlGXXXlG9#XlGXX XlG169)Coststoomuch# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG   x    ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG 5,.'4 # XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG170)Linkstopagesthatarenolongerthere# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG   ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlGt#XlGXX XlG -(5 # XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG171)Notenoughvaluablescientificinformation# XlGXXXlGq#XlGXX XlG ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG  .)6 # XlGXXXlG|#XlGXX XlG172)Gettingdisconnected# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG  x    ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG.#XlGXX XlG .)7 # XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG173)Toomanyuselesssites# XlGXXXlGC#XlGXX XlG  x    ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG /*8 # XlGXXXlG^#XlGXX XlG174)Sitesthatrequireregistration# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG x    ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG 0+9 # XlGXXXlG#XlGXX XlG175)Sitesthatrequirepaymentforuse# XlGXXXlG$#XlGXX XlG   ( 1  2  3 0      8" 9# XlGXXXlG#  1,: # 'X XlG# XlGX '@-a ATTITUDES   Inthislastsection,I'mgoingtoreadsometypicalstatementsusedinsurveysofscientistssomeoftheseweaskedwhenwedidthesurveyherein1994.I'dliketoknowifyou"Agreestrongly,""Agreesomewhat,"Disagreesomewhat,"or"Disagreestrongly."1=agreestrongly2=agreesomewhat3=disagreesomewhat4=disagreestrongly        p    x    (     9=Don'tKnoworNoResponse176)Peopleinmyfieldmostlyworkontheirresearchbythemselvesorinasmallresearchgroup.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 M F  177)Myresearchisthemostimportantinterestinmyprofessionallife.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 !  178)SecurityontheInternetisabigproblem.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9   179)Peopleinmyfieldofresearchcompetewitheachothermorethantheycollaborate.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9   180)IsometimesworrythatotherscientistsmightpublishthesameresultsbeforeIdo.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9  181)Peopleinmyfieldofresearchgenerallyagreeaboutthemostimportantresearchissues.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 qj 182)Inthepastfewyears,therehavebeenalotofchangesinmyfieldofresearch.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 E> 183)ItislikelyIcouldfindasimilarorbetterpositionifIleftmycurrentposition.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9  184)Otheraspectsofmyworkaremoreimportantintereststhanmyresearch.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9  185)Scientistsinmyareagenerallycollaboratewithotherstodotheirresearch.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9  186)MyresearchXlGXX XlGhasoftenbeendelayedbyinformationordecisionsneededatanotherorganization.  # XlGXXXlG#  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9XlGXX XlG  187)SincegettingontheInternet,Ihavebecomemoreconnectedwithresearchersinmyarea.# XlGXXXlG#  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 i!b 188)Ihavealotoffreedomtoselectmyownresearchproblems.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 =#6! 189)Itisjustaseasyforwomentogetaheadinaresearchcareerasformen.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 % # 190)Iamfreetopublishtheresultsorreportsofmyresearchwithoutaskingpermission.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 &!% 191)Theresearchsystemwouldbebetterifthereweremorewomenresearchers.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 (#' 0   192)EnvironmentalproblemsintheThirdWorldhavebeenexaggeratedbyindustrialcountriesanddonoragencies. ##   1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 w+p&* 193)EnvironmentalissuesarearichcountryobsessionthatKenyacannotafford.  1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9 K-D(, 0   196)TheresearchsysteminKenyahasconsideredtheenvironmentalcostsofproductionformanyyears. ##   1 p 2 3 4 x    (   9  0+/ # 'X XlGp#  0+0 @33*a   ' FINALQUESTIONS# '  #   ' 'Whichemailpackagesor# ''#' 'webbasedemailservices# ''j#doyouuse?(youmaycirclemorethanone)  1=OutlookExpress2=Messenger3=Hotmail4=Yahoo' '5=Other   p Pleasespecifywhichones_______________________# '':#' '   Whichbrowserdoyouuse? # ''#(youmaycirclemorethanone)' '    1=InternetExplorer2=NetscapeNavigator3=Other   p # ''h#' 'Pleasespecifywhichones_______________________# '' #' ' oh # ''}#   ' INTERVIEWER:DONOTFORGETTOCOMPLETETHEFIVE [T BACKGROUNDQUESTIONSONPAGETWO(IFYOUHAVENOTYETDONESO) # '  #LASTQUESTION:Finally,couldyoutellusaboutany specificchangesthathaveoccurredinyourprofessionallifeasaresultofthe zs! Internet?  5." 8) xd8 "& 8) xd8 Z$S* 8) xd8 &!. 8) xd88) xd8  (#2 @Y Y %a    'INTERVIEWEROBSERVATIONS # '  #Ԉ }v ANSWERTHESEQUESTIONSYOURSELFAFTERLEAVING198)Timeinterviewended______199)Respondent'srace 1=African2=Asian3=Other z s 200)Respondent'ssex 1=Male 2=Female       p    x   Didyouseeanyofthefollowingintherespondent'sofficeortheroomwheretheinterviewtookplace?  201)atelephone   x 1=Yes  0=No !    202)atypewriter  , x ,1=Yes  0=No     203)apersonalcomputer  x 1=Yes  0=No     204)afaxmachine  x 1=Yes  0=No RK    205)aprinter   x 1=Yes  0=No    206)Wasthereanyevidenceofcomputeruse,suchasthecomputerswitchedonbeforeorduringtheinterview?   p 1=Yes0=No207)DidRhavedifficultyhearingthequestionsorunderstandingthequestionnaire?  1.Hearing2.Understanding3.Both4.Noproblems208)Whatwastherespondent'sinitialattitudeaboutbeinginterviewed?    1.veryinterested2.somewhatinterested3.indifferent4.somewhatreluctant5.veryreluctant6.hardtotell209)Whatwastherespondent'sattitudeaboutgivingthecommunicationnetworkinformation?  1.volunteeredinformationeasily2.somewhatreluctant,butdidnotobject  3.somewhatsuspiciousatfirst,butlatercooperated4.refusedtogiveinformation  5.didn'trefusebutIthoughts/heheldback210)Wasanyoneelsepresentduringtheinterview?1=Yes0=No0   212)Asidefromwhat(he/she)saidinanswertothespecificquestions,isityourimpressionthattherespondentleadsaverybusyandactiveprofessionallife;that(he/she)isaboutaverage;orthat(he/she)doesn'thavemuchtodo?. p 1.leadsactivelife x 2.leadsaveragelife  3.inactive$## 213)Howopenandforthcomingdoyouthinktherespondentwasabout(his/her)feelings?̀   p 1.veryopen  x 2.heldbacksomewhat  3.heldbackagreatdeal !' 214)Didyouobserveanysignsoftensionorstressintherespondent'sbehavior?1=Yes0=No215)InwhatconditionwasR'soffice&equipment?  1.relativelynew 2.OKbutnothingspecial ( 3.abitworndown4.verypoorshape %z , 216)InwhatconditionwasR'sbuilding?  1.relativelynew 2.OKbutnothingspecial ( 3.abitworndown4.verypoorshape '"/ 0   217)Howmuchactivitycarsand/orpeoplewasthereinandaroundtheplacewheretheinterviewwasconducted? ##    p 1.agreatdeal2.some3.almostnone218)Wasthisa?1.privateoffice2.sharedoffice219)Wheredidtheinterviewtakeplace?  1=R'sOffice2=Lab3=Other